The renewed emphasis on tariff-based trade policies and the consistent efforts by the United States to assert dominance over international trade and financial rules have exposed structural vulnerabilities in the global economic system.

Amid growing uncertainty, many countries are shifting toward bilateral and regional arrangements in pursuit of greater stability and predictability. In this context, BRICS nations are developing multi-layered responses to rising trade barriers from localization and intra-bloc risk hedging to the formulation of independent trade and economic strategies.

The new analytical memo by Kesarev explores the drivers behind accelerating trade fragmentation, outlines potential configurations of the future global trade landscape, and analyzes how BRICS countries are adapting to the evolving international environment.